Surface Tension of Water Research Essay Example

Surface Tension of Water Research Essay My science fair project is on the surface tension of water and what affects the surface tension of water. The question that I am going to ask is how does temperature and salinity of water affect the surface tension of the water. My hypothesis is that the colder and the saltier that the water is, the stronger that the surface tension of the water will be. Some of the background research that I have done has explained to me that the surface tension of water is a property of a liquids surface that can cause it to resist external forces. Surface tension is caused by the property of cohesion which is intermolecular attraction between two or more similar molecules. The molecules on the surface of the liquid in this case water have no molecules on top of them and are pulled inward which creates internal pressure of the liquid which causes the surface to contract to the minimal area possible. An easier way to look at it is like this, a molecule that is in contact with an acquaintance is in a lower state of energy than if it were alone so there for the interior of molecules have as many neighbors as they can possibly have but the outer molecules that are on the surface do not try to do such and they have a much higher energy because of it. We will write a custom essay sample on Surface Tension of Water Research specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Surface Tension of Water Research specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Surface Tension of Water Research specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I also found that surface tension is measured in forces per unit length and stated in newton’s per meter but it can also be measured as joules per square meter if it is in the use of thermodynamics where it is expressed as work done per unit of area where it is stored as potential energy which is the energy that a piece of matter has because of its position or because of its arrangement of parts. Water molecules that are at the surface are like a frozen stretched out sheet of optimally bonded molecules, as the molecules shake into the minimal energy configuration. Each water molecule which consists of one oxygen and two hydrogen’s also known as H2O can form hydrogen bonds with four other water molecules. The way that surface tension forms is first that the number of hydrogen bonds of water molecules on the surface is maximized as much as possible then entropy which is a statistical measure of the disorder of a closed system is maximized by minimizing the amount of water molecules on the surface. Lastly tension on the surface of the water is increased as the high energy molecules move to the low energy regions of the fluid. The air outside of the surface film is hydrophobic which means that it cannot form a hydrogen bond that is why the water molecules cannot form hydrogen bonds with the air because air is composed of largely spaced gas molecules. The surface of the water does come into contact with the air though but it happens rarely and when it does the nitrogen and oxygen molecules collide with the water and no bonds are formed so the gas molecules return to freely float around the air. The interface boundary of the liquid in this case water is formed by the difference in attractions between liquids and gases. The measurement of surface tension of a liquid is really just a measurement of forces because of its various properties of balancing the forces which create surface tension. Surface interactions are very critical in analyzing the behavior of liquids. Modern methods of surface tension measurement can be digital, like the Goniometer method, which measures surface contact angle and the capillary pressure between two fixed fluids, like water and air. This method measures pressure differences of the two fluids and compares the pressure to the shape of the liquids surface. There are very many uses of surface tension measurement. Surface interactions are a major process in examining the behavior of liquids. The relationship between the pressures involved in surface tension measurement is very important in defining their properties. There are several different forms of surface tension which means that there are many different ways of measuring surface tension in terms of data applications and analyzations. The most commonly known way is called the du Nouy ring method developed in 1925 by Pierre Lecomte du Nouy which is a method which uses a force to lift a platinum ring from the surface of a liquid and measuring the amount of force that was required to do so. I did much research into the ideas and theories behind surface tension and what I found most interesting was the different ways of measuring the surface tension and how the surface tension cannot bond with air. Bibliography: * Coffey, J. (n. d. ). Surface Tension. Universe Today — Space and astronomy news. Retrieved November 9, 2011, from http://www. universetoday. com/81655/surface-tension/ * Surface tension. (n. d. ). Attension Precision made simple. Retrieved November 9, 2011, from http://www. attension. com/surface-tension. aspx * Viscosity-Surface Tension-properties of liquid. (n. d. ). Welcome to City Collegiate. Retrieved November 9, 2011, from http://www. citycollegiate. com/viscosity. htm * ayers, a. (n. d. ). What Is Surface Tension? : Hydrogen Bonds, Organized Water and Maximized Entropy | Suite101. com. Suite101. com: Online Magazine and Writers Network. Retrieved November 9, 2011, from http://www. suite101. com/content/what-is-surface-tension-a133497 * mcdonagh, b. (n. d. ). Surface Tension Measurement – ATA Scientific Articles. Particle Size Analyser, Rheometers, CD Spectropolarimeters ATA Scientific. Retrieved November 9, 2011, from http://www. atascientific. com. au/blog/2010/06/21/surface-tension-measurement//

West Nile essays

West Nile essays According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, claim that last year 9862 cases of West Nile Virus were reported to the CDC last year. Out of the 98 hundred cases, 2947 of them were from Colorado which is roughly 30 percent of all known cases in the United States. West Nile Virus is a dangerous disease but with the knowledge of preventive measure you minimize the likeness of infection. West Nile virus was first discovered in 1937 in the West Nile district of Uganda. New interest was created by the West Nile virus when it emerged in the United States for the first time in the New York City area in August 1999. There were 62 confirmed human cases and 7 deaths during this outbreak, creating widespread concern. WNV primarily transmitted to humans by a mosquito of the Culex species. However, according to Edward B. Hayes that West Nile virus can be transferred through blood transfusions and organ transplantation. The virus can cause encephalitis (inflammation of the brain) or meningitis (inflammation of the lining of the brain and spinal cord). Once you get bitten by the mosquito infected with West Nile Virus, there are a wide range of symptoms from showing no signs of disease to rapidly fatal brain infection. According to eMedicine.com the likelihood of a person developing illness after infection with West Nile virus is about 1 in every 140-300 people. Initial symptoms include the sudden onset of fever, chills, muscle aches, headache, and overall feeling of illness. Headache is particularly common and may be severe. The person may have sensitivity to light with pain behind the eyes. In most cases West Nile Virus will last for a few days, although there have been documented cases of the minor symptoms lasting for weeks. The symptoms of severe infection include headache, high fever, neck stiffness, stupor, disorientation, coma, tremors, convulsions, muscle weakness, and paralysis. In th ...

Freedom Rider Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Freedom Rider - Essay Example It may be that we are in poverty- after all, we were once slaves. Our ancestors left us with no riches to inherit and no lands to claim but their legacy remains skin deep: our freedom to voice out what we feel and think. This legacy has been brought about by the history of our people who have been burdened by issues such as slavery and persecution and yet we have chosen to rise from our conditions. Our history has made us strong and persevering in the face of obstacles and in times of crises. All these we inherited from our ancestors and with all these attributes that I have called into mind, I ask you not to fear for my life in my participation of the freedom rides. Like our ancestors, I am strong, I will persevere, I shall rise above our prejudiced conditions, for the main reason that I want to voice out what I feel and think is right. Being a â€Å"freedom rider† is a paradox of some sort. As you might know already, we will be riding interstate buses into the segregated southern United States. I assure you that we’re not riding with the flow of current events, that is, were not just riding on the issue about segregation in the south just to get mileage. Instead, what we really aim to do is to challenge the status quo of having racially segregated waiting rooms and terminals. Though we know that we face arrest by authorities and possible attacks from mobs, we choose to fight back with non-violence and willful determination. We choose not just to go above our social conditions such as racial bias and injustice, but we choose to be above those who have fought with much bloodshed and violence, precisely because we have freedom. We are free to choose our goals and our means to achieve those goals, and we choose to be peaceful just like many who have come before us. This is a learning experience for me as it is a learning experience for our society. Our very ways will show society that the end doesn’t necessarily justify the means. On my part, I hope to realize

Assignment 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Assignment 3 - Essay Example The event I am proposing to be given a chance to organize will be intended at raising funds to be used in covering the costs of the medical examination of 250 high school athletes from Megan High School. In order to organize a successful event, our agency will need to get word out about an upcoming event. The best way to publicize an event is to advertise. I will, therefore, start by preparing a press release we intend to send to newsrooms hopefully to be published or to be used in writing an article. Then I will prepare a video commercial to be used in advertising on television or on the internet. Finally, I will prepare a full page print ad that will be put out in newspapers and magazines (Tucker, 1997, p. 56). There is a growing need for funds to be raised in support for athletes in high school due to the fact that the cost of running the athletic department at the school has increased. This is even more necessary considering the number of programs in the athletics department. Our agency proposes the following press release to be used for advertising the event. I have also included a one-page print ad that we propose to use in publicizing the event. Section  II. ... During the event, invited guests will be shown a video of the last Sports Day held at the school in order to exhibit the various talents that students at Megan High School have. Some of the sporting events that will be showcased include tennis, basketball, volleyball, hockey, and badminton. The main event of the evening will be a car raffle which will be sold at one hundred dollars each. These raffle tickets will be sold to willing business associations, sports clubs and persons taking part in the fundraising event. Our target for this fundraising will be to raise a minimum of 100 dollars per student. In the event that we raise more than the required amount, we intend to put the rest of the funds into good use such as the maintenance of sports programs at the school, improvement of sports facilities, and sponsoring of medical examinations for more students next academic year. Robert Kelly, Chairman of Tennis Federation said, â€Å"The fundraising event at Megan High School is very i mportant as it highlights the importance of sports in the lives of students. It also gives an opportunity for those students who wish to pursue sports in college but are short of funds an opportunity to start the application process.† The newly appointed Chairlady of the club Maggi’s also said "We are excited that Save the Children has agreed to conduct this sports fundraiser. Megan High School Booster Club has been a strong supporter of nurturing sports talent in the young ones. This event will go a long way in impacting the lives of our young athletes." To register for this event, contact Mercy at (44) 875-9272. Section III. Print Ad We, as Megan High School Booster Club, a local civic organization, plan a fundraising event aimed at

Recognizing Women artists Essay Example for Free

Recognizing Women artists Essay Linda Nochlin’s article tries to bring to light the differences that exist between men and women art and how this disparity has been linked to the distinct nature of men and women. However, Nochlin believes that the differences that may exist in art do not come about as a result of ones gender but rather these discrepancies are influenced by particular social institutions. This, Nochlin says, is because art develops in a specific social situation and that it is usually a fundamental component of that social structure. Nochlin further explains that art can not be considered a free self-directed activity that can be influenced by social forces since it crops up in a social situation, gender, previous artists and other things normally considered influential notwithstanding (Nochlin, 1988, pp. 147-158). As a result therefore, Nochlin states how feminity does not count when it comes to evaluation of great artists. Therefore Nochlin defines the background of some of the great artists like Picasso who came from already artist families. Nochlin also cites how the works of Redon and Corot, both male, had a feminist touch thus it could not be concluded that women art should be classified according to its own standards. This argument makes sense because art is not gender based; rather it is learned through teaching, apprenticeship or even from a long experience period (Nochlin, 1988, pp. 147-158). I agree with Nochlin’s reasoning because one can not classify art as masculine or feminine. When one sees a piece of art, what comes out is the expression captured in that piece of work and not the masculine or feminine touch in it. Therefore Nochlin’s argument is sound because even if it is assumed that women artists are inward-looking, delicate and nuanced in their art pieces, other male artists also exude such characteristics in their work. For instance Redon’s pieces were inward turning and Corot’s art was also delicate and nuanced (Nochlin, 1988, pp. 147-158). Nochlin’s position relies upon the assumptions that great art is a result of intelligence and talent. It is not merely influenced by gender, social class or any other social forces. This is true because great artists like Michelangelo produced exemplary pieces because of the talent they had and not because of social influences. Further still, artists such as Giotto became great artists even though he started off drawing on stone. It is the intelligence and talent that he had in art that elevated his work to great art (Nochlin, 1988, pp. 147-158). Besides, Nochlin’s position also relies on the assumption that the creation of art entails its own form of language. What is more, this language comes to life in paper and not in a mere story that could be told to another party thus disregarding the feminist notion in art. This argument is true because art is learned and perfected through experience and this means that regardless of gender artists with the experience can bring out great art work (Nochlin, 1988, pp. 147-158). Therefore this means that women can produce great art as much as men because art is not gender based. Art is learned and comes to perfection from a period of experience. Besides, great art is also primarily a result of an individual’s intelligence and talent therefore other social forces are just secondary factors in the creation of great art. This therefore implies that women art can be accorded much attention and appreciation if only people could get a deeper insight into what art really entails (Nochlin, 1988, pp. 147-158). Reference Nochlin L. (1988). Why have there been no great women artists? Women, Art and Power and Other Essays. Westview Press.

Ronald Reagans Space Shuttle Challenger Essay -- essays research pape

Ronald Reagan’s â€Å"Space Shuttle Challenger†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Since the presidency of George Washington, the people of The United States have turned to the commander in chief in times of distress to receive assurance and hope. Kurt Ritter comments on President Reagan’s address to the nation given on January 28, 1986 saying, â€Å"Perhaps no president could have fulfilled the country’s need to mourn and, then, to begin to heal as skillfully as Ronald Reagan (Ritter, 3).† On that morning the space shuttle â€Å"Challenger† violently exploded while the nation watched live televised coverage of the shuttle’s launch. President Reagan was scheduled to give his State of the Union Address on that date, but instead he reached out the country in this time of mourning. He spoke from his oval office to heartbroken teachers, children, NASA Space Engineers, and the entire country. President Reagan’s reaction to the tragedy of the challenger guided the United States out of despair and into a new li ght of hope behind seven fallen heroes. In this essay I will show that Reagan gave our country a new light of hope through his emphasis on Pathos but also incorporating Ethos and Logos in this memorable presentation. There is no doubt that the when the President of the United States speaks everyone listens to what he has to say. This credibility makes the Ethos of Reagan’s Speech almost unsurpassable. As mentioned Reagan was scheduled to give a State of the Union Address to our country on the evening of January 28, 1986. Instead, he postponed it, because â€Å"the story of the day was tragedy. Here he wanted to give an upbeat speech about America moving ahead. It just didn’t fit. It seemed in congruous (Weinraub).† He showed the country that his priority is the emotions of his people by, for the first time in history, postponing on the State of the Union speech in order to discuss the current event. This strengthened the creditability of his argument immensely. He likened the astronauts to pioneers and stated in his speech that â€Å"They had a special grace, that special spirit that says, ‘Give me a challenge and I’ll meet it with joy.† With this he appea ls to the spiritual side of his audience using the word grace to describe the fallen. Again, â€Å"The president concluded by attaching the nation’s sorrow to God’s grace (Ritter, 4).† He said â€Å"As they prepared for there journey and waved ... ...ng that â€Å"nothing ends here†. Reagan’s speech on the night of January 28, 1986 dramatically â€Å"took the first step toward uniting the country in its grief (Ritter, 4)†. Ronald Reagan reached out to the schoolchildren of America and all other citizens of the United States to counsel them in time of tragedy. He gave hope to the nation through emotional and spiritual reference. He was effective in conveying his message but the way his thoughts were organized was in part ineffective. His speech is very unorganized, and he could have ordered his thoughts better. More importantly than disorganization though, Ronald Reagan reached out to a nation that needed him as there president. He gave the people of the United States hope and Reassurance, a task that the President has been expected to do since the beginning of our country. Citations Apple, R.W. Jr. â€Å"President As Healer.† The New York Times 28 Jan. 1986:A2. Ritter, Kurt, and David Heary. Ronald Reagan: The Great Communicator. Connecticut: Greenwood, 1992. Sloan, Thomas O. ed. Technical Communication New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. Weinraub, Bernard â€Å"Reagan Postpones State of Union Speech.† The New York Times 29 Jan. 1986:A9.

Influence of Women in The Great Gatsby Essay

Though the Great Gatsby is a male dominated book, there are a few women who have great influences. Daisy Buchannan is the main female character, having romantic relations with both Tom Buchanan and Jay Gatsby. Myrtle Wilson is a woman who is married to a hardworking man, but she remained unfaithful throughout the length of the novel. Lastly, Jordan Baker is probably the least mentioned woman but had an equally important role as the others. Fitzgerald used the development of the three women to further the plot and theme of the book and show the treatment and role of women in that society at that time. Daisy Buchannan is introduced in the first chapter at a gathering in her home. Nick describes her as a rich and confident wife. She even calls herself â€Å"sophisticated† (Gatsby 17). But she is treated as the lesser of her husband; her face is â€Å"sad and lovely† (Gatsby 9) due to being constantly interrupted and her comments pushed aside. As the evening goes on, Daisy begins to appear more unconfident than she thinks she is, naming places she had been to impress Nick. Even when asked about her daughter she describes that she hopes that she would grow up to be â€Å"a beautiful little fool† (Gatsby 17). Though she acts like this fact was the normal place for a female, her disposition is shown to want this to be different, showing that even in the lives of the rich and wealthy, women are still treated as lesser individuals. She, unlike the other characters, has monumental descriptions, sometimes spanning paragraphs. But instead of focusing on her physical appearance, Fitzgerald draws attention to things such as her voice, calling it â€Å"a wild tonic in the rain†¦following the sound up and down before any words came through† (Gatsby 85). When she goes to wash her face, Nick says â€Å"with humiliation of [his] towels† (Gatsby 89) Even in everyday conversations, Daisy is ignored, not because she is woman but because of her beauty. Fitzgerald puts these things in to show just how deep the trap that women are in; their beauty is mesmerizing but not enough for all of the men’s attention. Myrtle Wilson is the other partner in Tom Buchannan’s affair. She is of a simpler lifestyle living on the â€Å"edge of the wasteland†¦contiguous to absolutely nothing.†(Gatsby 24). Nick describes her â€Å"a thick woman† â€Å"in [her] middle thirties† (Gatsby 25), the average woman in that time. Once she and Tom get off the train, she immediately buys a dog, and then makes a point to buy a rather expensive dog as well. When she arrives to her sister’s house, where a party is taking place, Nick says that she â€Å"changed her costume† (Gatsby 30). Because a costume is also the attire performers wear, Nick is giving us the impression that all of this is a play, a facade to act wealthy when in fact she is not. Nick also says â€Å"with the influence of the dress her personality had also undergone a change. The intense vitality that had been so remarkable in the garage was converted into impressive hauteur† (Gatsby 30), again another indicator of her â€Å"performance† of a wealthy woman. Soon, she and Tom â€Å"discuss in impassioned voices† whether she had any â€Å"right to mention Daisy’s name† (Gatsby 37). Tom punches her after this, but still left the party with her. Myrtle is now a woman with no self-respect, due to her allowing a man, though he may be rich, to physically assault her, instead of having a man who truly cares for her not being well off. Jordan Baker is not talked about much in the book until the third chapter. Nick talks about her â€Å"incurable dishonesty† (Gatsby 58), but then says â€Å"Dishonesty in a woman is thing you never blame deeply† (Gatsby 58), suggesting something has happened in her past causing her to be dishonest. She then shows her roots as one of the outgoing â€Å"West Eggers†, complaining that the party â€Å"is much too polite† for her taste. Fitzgerald uses Jordan to show that not all of the West Egg is elite. Some are just normal people wo happen to be on the wealthier side of things. By bringing these women together, Fitzgerald shows all aspects of life, from the wealthy but mistreat, to the women who think money is everything, and the ladies who simply are themselves. Daisy, Myrtle, and Jordan all display drastically different personalities but share the same